Extraverts

(E)

Introverts

(I)

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Talking: “How can I know what I think until I hear what I say?”

Physical: engaging the environment

Interacting: verbal and non-verbal

Classroom: discussions

One-On-Ones with                instructor

Assignments: let them see what others are doing, or the visible results from a project

Quiet Reflection:

thoughts stay inside until polished

Private: individual processing

Question pool: time to reflect before needing to  answer

Privacy: written work not oral

Exams: take-home, or specific study guides

Sensing

(S)

Intuition

(N)

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Facts: memorization

Step-by-step: start with concrete, then move to abstract

“NOW”: in the present

Use many senses: not just see and read

Hands-On: lab work &

practice skills

Move slowly: detailed info and examples, with implications of data

Facts and skills: teach & don’t expect them to discover them for themselves

Exams: objective, facts and data

Insight: implications, read between the lines

Ideas & options: quick to see alternatives & relationships, missing details

“Future”: caught up in inspiration, beginnings more fun and finishing anything is hard.

Assignments: using own initiative, alone or group

Move quickly: practice is boring & repetition usually unnecessary

Exams: ideas not facts. If subject matter allows: ask the N to make up a question pool & answer a subset; grade content of questions as well as correctness of answers.

Thinking

(T)

Feeling

(F)

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Objective: truth, logic, principles

Analyzing: clarity, precision, unemotional

Logically organized: smooth and coherent flow of material

Offer feedback: show objective results & achievements

Personal: value judgments concerning people

Relationship-focused: emotional-temperature paramount

Tutoring: F’s learn by helping others

Topics: ones that have goal of helping others

Personalized tasks: offer feedback showing care & appreciation.

Judging

(J)

Perceiving

(P)

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Cognitive Styles

Effective teaching

Structured: plans & objectives crucial

Closure: decisions readily made, often prematurely

Motivation: serious & accountable

Syllabus: precise and detailed

Formalized: orderly instruction

Move reliably: avoid changes; do and mean what you say

Flexible: open to new experiences, and will often find novel ways of doing old things

Ideas & options: the more the merrier

Assignments: must make sense, with negotiable options

Encourage: artificial “early” benchmarks before the real deadlines